11.3.1.7 understand the underlying principle of Hess’ Law and be able to use it calculate enthalpy changes in reactions | 11.3.1.8 be able to calculate ΔH from bond enthalpies |
11.3.1.9 be able to construct a Born-Haber cycle and compare lattice energies from this approach with those from other calculations | 11.3.1.10 be able to define and use the concepts of free energy change (ΔG) and entropy change (ΔS) |
11.3.1.11 understand that enthalpy change alone is not sufficient to explain spontaneous changes and recognise the role of entropy | 11.3.1.12 know and be able to use the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS to show how ΔG changes with temperature and to find the temperature at which a reaction will proceed |